Common Misconceptions About Workers’ Compensation Insurance

Exploring Common Misconceptions About Workers’ Compensation Insurance

Workers’ compensation insurance is a crucial aspect of the modern-day workforce, providing a safety net for employees who suffer job-related injuries or illnesses. Workers’ compensation insurance provides financial and medical benefits to employees who are injured or fall ill on the job. Employers are required by law to carry workers’ compensation insurance, and failure to do so can result in severe penalties and even criminal charges.

Despite its importance, there are several common misconceptions about workers’ compensation insurance. These misconceptions can lead to confusion and misunderstandings among employees and employers. In this article, we will explore some of the most common misconceptions about workers’ compensation insurance and provide clarity on how it works.

Workers’ compensation insurance was created to protect both employers and employees. For employers, it provides protection against potential lawsuits from employees who suffer job-related injuries. For employees, it provides a safety net that helps cover medical expenses, lost wages, and other costs associated with job-related injuries or illnesses.

The purpose of this article is to help clear up some of the most common misconceptions about workers’ compensation insurance. By understanding how workers’ compensation insurance works, both employees and employers can make informed decisions that benefit everyone involved.

In the following sections, we will examine several common misconceptions about workers’ compensation insurance and provide a detailed explanation of how workers’ compensation insurance works. We will explore the types of injuries and illnesses covered by workers’ compensation insurance, how it differs from other types of insurance, and how it is regulated by state and federal laws.

By the end of this article, readers will have a better understanding of workers’ compensation insurance and how it can benefit both employees and employers. Whether you are an employee who has suffered a job-related injury or an employer looking to protect your business, this article will provide valuable insights into how workers’ compensation insurance works and what you can do to ensure that you are properly covered.

Misconception 1: Workers’ compensation insurance is only for large companies.

Many small business owners believe that workers’ compensation insurance is only necessary for large companies with a significant number of employees. However, this is a common misconception, and it is important to understand that workers’ compensation insurance is necessary for any business that employs even one person.

Workers’ compensation insurance is designed to protect employees who suffer from job-related injuries or illnesses, regardless of the size of the business. It is a legal requirement for businesses in most states to carry workers’ compensation insurance, regardless of the number of employees. The cost of workers’ compensation insurance is based on the number of employees, the type of work they perform, and the history of workplace injuries.

Small businesses may be eligible for discounts or lower rates on their workers’ compensation insurance premiums. In some states, small businesses with a limited number of employees may be eligible for a state-sponsored workers’ compensation program or self-insured group plan.

According to the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), approximately 30% of small businesses do not have workers’ compensation insurance. This can be attributed to a lack of understanding of the legal requirement to carry workers’ compensation insurance or the belief that workers’ compensation insurance is too expensive for small businesses.

However, failing to carry workers’ compensation insurance can result in significant financial penalties, legal fees, and even criminal charges. In the event that an employee suffers a job-related injury or illness, the costs of medical treatment, lost wages, and other related expenses can quickly add up. Without workers’ compensation insurance, small businesses may be forced to pay these costs out of pocket, which can be financially devastating.

Workers’ compensation insurance is a legal requirement for businesses of all sizes, and it is important for small business owners to understand this fact. While the cost of workers’ compensation insurance may seem expensive, it is an investment in the safety and well-being of employees, as well as the financial security of the business. Small businesses should explore all available options for obtaining workers’ compensation insurance, including state-sponsored programs and self-insured group plans, to find the most cost-effective solution.

Misconception 2: Workers’ compensation insurance covers all workplace injuries.

Another common misconception about workers’ compensation insurance is that it covers all injuries that occur in the workplace. While workers’ compensation insurance provides benefits to employees who are injured on the job, there are certain types of injuries that may not be covered.

Workers’ compensation insurance covers injuries and illnesses that occur as a result of job-related activities. This includes injuries that occur at the workplace, as well as injuries that occur while an employee is performing job-related duties off-site. Examples of covered injuries include slip and fall accidents, repetitive motion injuries, and illnesses caused by exposure to toxic substances.

However, not all injuries that occur in the workplace are covered by workers’ compensation insurance. Injuries that occur as a result of an employee’s willful misconduct, intoxication, or violation of company policies may not be covered. Additionally, injuries that occur outside of normal work hours or during an employee’s commute to and from work may not be covered.

It is also important to note that workers’ compensation insurance does not cover injuries that occur as a result of natural disasters or acts of terrorism. In these cases, employees may be eligible for other types of insurance, such as disability or life insurance, depending on their specific circumstances.

Employers should provide employees with clear guidelines and policies regarding workplace safety and injury prevention. This includes providing proper training on job-related tasks, maintaining a safe working environment, and enforcing company policies regarding employee behavior and conduct.

While workers’ compensation insurance provides coverage for many types of workplace injuries and illnesses, it is important to understand that it may not cover all injuries that occur in the workplace. Employers and employees should be aware of the limitations of workers’ compensation insurance and take steps to prevent workplace injuries and ensure a safe work environment. Additionally, employers should provide employees with clear guidelines and policies regarding workplace safety to reduce the likelihood of workplace injuries and potential workers’ compensation claims.

Misconception 3: Employees can sue their employer for workplace injuries.

Many employees believe that they can sue their employer for workplace injuries, but this is not always the case. Workers’ compensation insurance is designed to protect both employees and employers in the event of a workplace injury or illness. As such, workers’ compensation insurance operates as a no-fault system, which means that fault or liability is not a consideration when determining whether an employee is eligible for benefits.

Under a no-fault system, employees who are injured on the job are eligible for benefits regardless of who was at fault for the injury. This means that even if an employee is responsible for their own injury, they may still be eligible for workers’ compensation benefits.

In exchange for providing benefits to injured employees, workers’ compensation insurance generally prohibits employees from suing their employer for workplace injuries. This is known as the “exclusive remedy” rule, which means that workers’ compensation benefits are the sole remedy available to employees who are injured on the job.

There are some exceptions to the exclusive remedy rule, such as in cases where an employer intentionally causes harm to an employee or where a third party, such as a manufacturer or supplier, is responsible for an employee’s injury. In these cases, employees may be able to sue their employer or the third party for damages.

It is important for employees to understand their rights and options in the event of a workplace injury. Employees who are injured on the job should report the injury to their employer as soon as possible and seek medical attention if necessary. Employers are generally required to provide employees with information on workers’ compensation benefits and how to file a claim.

While it may seem like employees have the option to sue their employer for workplace injuries, this is generally not the case under a no-fault workers’ compensation system. Employees who are injured on the job are generally limited to workers’ compensation benefits as their exclusive remedy. However, there are exceptions to this rule, and employees should seek legal advice if they believe their injury was caused by intentional harm or a third party. Employers should provide employees with information on their workers’ compensation benefits and how to file a claim to ensure that employees receive the benefits they are entitled to in the event of a workplace injury.

Misconception 4: Workers’ compensation insurance is too expensive for small businesses.

Many small business owners believe that workers’ compensation insurance is too expensive for them to afford. However, the cost of workers’ compensation insurance is determined by a variety of factors, including the type of industry the business operates in, the number of employees the business has, and the history of workplace injuries at the business.

In general, businesses that operate in industries with higher risks of workplace injuries, such as construction or manufacturing, will have higher workers’ compensation insurance rates. Similarly, businesses with a higher number of employees will generally have higher rates than those with fewer employees.

While the cost of workers’ compensation insurance can be a concern for small businesses, there are strategies they can use to reduce their costs. One such strategy is to implement a safety program that focuses on preventing workplace injuries. This can include providing employees with safety training, conducting regular safety inspections, and providing employees with the appropriate safety equipment.

Another strategy is to work with an insurance broker who specializes in workers’ compensation insurance for small businesses. An experienced broker can help a small business owner understand their options and find the most cost-effective policy for their needs.

Small business owners should also be aware of any discounts or incentives that may be available to them. For example, some states offer discounts to businesses that implement safety programs or have a history of low workplace injury rates.

In addition, some states offer alternative options to traditional workers’ compensation insurance, such as self-insurance or group self-insurance. These options can be more cost-effective for some small businesses, but they require careful consideration and planning.

It is important for small business owners to understand that workers’ compensation insurance is not optional in most states. Failing to provide workers’ compensation insurance can result in fines and legal action, as well as leaving the business vulnerable to costly lawsuits in the event of a workplace injury.

While the cost of workers’ compensation insurance can be a concern for small businesses, there are strategies they can use to reduce their costs. Implementing a safety program, working with an experienced insurance broker, and taking advantage of available discounts and incentives can all help small businesses save money on workers’ compensation insurance. Small business owners should also be aware of their state’s requirements for workers’ compensation insurance and ensure that they are in compliance to avoid legal and financial consequences.

Misconception 5: Workers’ compensation insurance fraud is rare.

Workers’ compensation insurance fraud is a serious issue that affects both insurance companies and honest workers. There are several types of workers’ compensation insurance fraud, including employee fraud, employer fraud, and provider fraud.

Employee fraud occurs when an employee falsely claims to have been injured on the job or exaggerates the severity of their injury in order to receive workers’ compensation benefits. This can include malingering, or intentionally prolonging the length of their recovery to continue receiving benefits. It can also include misrepresenting the nature or cause of their injury.

Employer fraud occurs when an employer intentionally misrepresents information in order to avoid paying workers’ compensation benefits. This can include misclassifying workers as independent contractors instead of employees, underreporting the number of employees in order to avoid paying higher insurance premiums, or providing false information about workplace injuries.

Provider fraud occurs when healthcare providers, such as doctors or chiropractors, submit false claims to insurance companies for medical treatment that was not actually provided or was unnecessary. This can include billing for services that were not actually performed or charging for expensive treatments that were not needed.

Despite the serious consequences of workers’ compensation insurance fraud, some people believe that it is a rare occurrence. However, statistics show that fraud does occur, and it can have a significant impact on insurance rates and the overall cost of doing business.

According to the National Insurance Crime Bureau, workers’ compensation insurance fraud is estimated to cost employers and insurance companies billions of dollars each year. In fact, workers’ compensation insurance fraud is one of the fastest-growing segments of insurance fraud in the United States.

One reason why workers’ compensation insurance fraud may be more prevalent than people think is because it can be difficult to detect. Insurance companies rely on honest reporting from both employees and employers, as well as accurate information from healthcare providers, in order to properly evaluate claims. When fraudulent information is provided, it can be difficult to identify and investigate.

However, there are steps that can be taken to prevent and detect workers’ compensation insurance fraud. Employers can implement strong policies and procedures for reporting workplace injuries and conducting investigations when fraud is suspected. Insurance companies can also use data analytics and other tools to identify potential fraud and investigate suspicious claims.

Workers’ compensation insurance fraud is a serious issue that affects both insurance companies and honest workers. While it may be difficult to detect and investigate, it is important for employers and insurance companies to take steps to prevent and detect fraud in order to protect the integrity of the workers’ compensation system and ensure that benefits are available to those who need them most.

Misconception 6: Workers’ compensation insurance claims always result in payouts.

While workers’ compensation insurance is designed to provide benefits to employees who are injured on the job, not all claims result in payouts. The workers’ compensation insurance claims process can be complex, and there are several reasons why a claim may be denied.

The first step in the workers’ compensation insurance claims process is for the employee to report the injury to their employer. The employer is then required to report the injury to their insurance company. The insurance company will investigate the claim to determine if it is valid and if the employee is eligible for benefits.

There are several reasons why a workers’ compensation insurance claim may be denied. One common reason is that the injury was not work-related. For example, if an employee is injured while participating in a personal activity during work hours, their claim may be denied.

Another reason why a workers’ compensation insurance claim may be denied is if the employee failed to report the injury in a timely manner. Most states require employees to report workplace injuries within a certain timeframe, usually within a few days or weeks of the injury occurring. If the employee fails to report the injury within the required timeframe, their claim may be denied.

A third reason why a workers’ compensation insurance claim may be denied is if the injury was caused by the employee’s own actions. For example, if an employee was injured while under the influence of drugs or alcohol, their claim may be denied.

In addition to these reasons, there are other factors that can affect the outcome of a workers’ compensation insurance claim. For example, if the employee has a pre-existing condition that is aggravated by their work, their claim may be more difficult to prove. Insurance companies may also dispute the severity of the injury or the need for certain medical treatments or procedures.

It is important for employees to understand the workers’ compensation insurance claims process and their rights and responsibilities. This includes reporting workplace injuries in a timely manner, providing accurate information about the injury, and cooperating with the insurance company’s investigation.

Employers also have a responsibility to provide a safe working environment and to report workplace injuries in a timely manner. They can help to prevent claims from being denied by taking steps to reduce the risk of workplace injuries and by working with their insurance company to properly investigate and process claims.

While workers’ compensation insurance is designed to provide benefits to employees who are injured on the job, not all claims result in payouts. There are several reasons why a workers’ compensation insurance claim may be denied, including if the injury was not work-related, if the employee failed to report the injury in a timely manner, or if the injury was caused by the employee’s own actions. It is important for employees and employers to understand the workers’ compensation insurance claims process and to take steps to prevent claims from being denied.

Misconception 7: Workers’ compensation insurance is the same in every state.

While workers’ compensation insurance is a required benefit in all 50 states, there are significant differences in the laws and regulations governing workers’ compensation insurance between states. These differences can affect both employees and employers in significant ways.

One major difference between states is the types of injuries that are covered by workers’ compensation insurance. While most states provide benefits for injuries that occur on the job, some states have specific requirements for the types of injuries that are covered. For example, some states do not provide benefits for psychological injuries, while others do. Some states also have specific requirements for occupational diseases, such as mesothelioma, that may not be covered in other states.

Another difference between states is the benefits that are provided to injured workers. While most states provide benefits for medical expenses, lost wages, and disability, the amount and duration of these benefits can vary significantly. Some states provide higher levels of benefits for certain types of injuries, while others may limit the amount of time that an injured worker can receive benefits.

The laws and regulations governing workers’ compensation insurance can also differ between states in terms of the process for filing a claim, the requirements for reporting injuries, and the rights and responsibilities of injured workers and employers. Some states have specific requirements for how injuries must be reported and what information must be provided, while others may have more flexible reporting requirements.

These differences in workers’ compensation insurance laws can have significant consequences for both employees and employers. For example, an employer with locations in multiple states may need to navigate different laws and regulations in each state, which can be time-consuming and expensive. Injured workers may also face different requirements and limitations on their benefits depending on the state in which they were injured.

It is important for employees and employers to be aware of the differences in workers’ compensation insurance laws between states and to understand how these differences can affect their rights and responsibilities. This may include working with legal and insurance professionals to navigate the complex laws and regulations governing workers’ compensation insurance in each state.

While workers’ compensation insurance is a required benefit in all 50 states, there are significant differences in the laws and regulations governing workers’ compensation insurance between states. These differences can affect both employees and employers in significant ways, including the types of injuries that are covered, the benefits that are provided, and the process for filing a claim. It is important for employees and employers to be aware of these differences and to work with legal and insurance professionals to navigate the complex laws and regulations governing workers’ compensation insurance in each state.

Misconception 8: Workers’ compensation insurance is only necessary for high-risk industries

Another common misconception about workers’ compensation insurance is that it is only necessary for high-risk industries such as construction, manufacturing, and transportation. While it is true that these industries tend to have higher rates of workplace injuries and illnesses, all businesses, regardless of industry, have the potential for workplace accidents and injuries.

In fact, even office workers are not immune to workplace injuries. They may suffer from repetitive strain injuries, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, or slip and fall accidents. In addition, workplace stress can lead to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression.

Businesses of all sizes and industries need to be prepared for the possibility of workplace injuries and illnesses. Workers’ compensation insurance can provide a safety net for employees who suffer work-related injuries or illnesses, while also protecting employers from potential lawsuits and financial losses.

Employers have a legal responsibility to provide a safe work environment for their employees, regardless of the industry in which they operate. This includes implementing safety protocols, providing adequate training, and maintaining equipment and facilities. However, accidents can still happen despite the best efforts of employers.

Having workers’ compensation insurance in place can provide peace of mind for both employees and employers. Employees can rest assured that they will receive medical treatment and wage replacement if they are injured on the job, while employers can protect their business from the financial repercussions of workplace injuries and lawsuits.

In addition, workers’ compensation insurance can also help businesses attract and retain employees. Job seekers may be more likely to consider a position with a company that offers workers’ compensation benefits, as it provides a level of protection and security in the event of a workplace injury.

It is important for all businesses, regardless of size or industry, to have workers’ compensation insurance in place. This not only protects employees and employers, but it is also required by law in all 50 states. Failure to provide workers’ compensation insurance can result in significant fines and legal penalties.

Workers’ compensation insurance is not only necessary for high-risk industries, but for all businesses, regardless of industry or size. Workplace injuries and illnesses can happen to anyone, and having workers’ compensation insurance in place can provide a safety net for employees and protect employers from financial losses and potential lawsuits. Employers have a legal responsibility to provide a safe work environment for their employees, and having workers’ compensation insurance in place is an essential part of fulfilling this responsibility.

Real-life Examples of Misconceptions and Their Impact

Real-life examples can help readers understand the impact of misconceptions about workers’ compensation insurance on both workers and businesses. For example, imagine a small business owner who believes that workers’ compensation insurance is too expensive and decides to forego coverage for their employees. One of their employees suffers a serious injury on the job and requires medical treatment and time off work to recover. Without workers’ compensation insurance, the business owner is now liable for these expenses and may be forced to pay out of pocket. This can be devastating for a small business, potentially leading to bankruptcy or closure.

Another example is a worker who is injured on the job and assumes that all medical expenses will be covered by workers’ compensation insurance. However, if the injury is not covered under the policy or the worker does not file a claim in a timely manner, they may be left with significant medical bills that they cannot afford to pay.

These examples demonstrate the importance of understanding the true scope of workers’ compensation insurance and the risks associated with misconceptions. By educating themselves about workers’ compensation insurance and taking steps to ensure adequate coverage, both workers and businesses can protect themselves from financial hardship in the event of a workplace injury.

Tips for Preventing Workplace Injuries and Reducing Insurance Costs

While it is important to understand the ins and outs of workers’ compensation insurance, it is equally important to take steps to prevent workplace injuries in the first place. By creating a safe and healthy work environment, employers can minimize the risk of accidents and injuries and reduce the likelihood of workers’ compensation insurance claims. Here are some tips for preventing workplace injuries:

1. Implement ergonomics: Consider the physical demands of the job and make sure that workers have the tools and equipment they need to do their jobs safely and comfortably.

2. Provide training: Educate workers on proper lifting techniques, workplace safety measures, and other injury prevention strategies.

3. Maintain a clean and organized work environment: Clutter and debris can create hazards that lead to slips, trips, and falls.

4. Encourage breaks: Frequent breaks can help prevent repetitive motion injuries and reduce the risk of fatigue-related accidents.

5. Conduct regular safety inspections: Regular inspections can help identify potential hazards before they result in accidents or injuries.

By following these tips, employers can create a safer workplace and reduce the likelihood of workers’ compensation insurance claims. Additionally, workers can take steps to protect themselves by following safety protocols, reporting hazards and injuries promptly, and seeking medical attention when necessary.

The Impact of Workers’ Compensation Insurance on Businesses

Workers’ compensation insurance is not only essential for employees who may suffer workplace injuries, but it is also critical for businesses. The misconception that workers’ compensation insurance is only for large companies can lead some small business owners to forgo coverage, thinking they are not required to have it. However, this can be a costly mistake.

Businesses that fail to carry adequate workers’ compensation insurance can face significant financial risks if an employee is injured on the job. In some cases, businesses may be forced to pay for medical expenses and lost wages out of pocket, which can be crippling for small businesses.

Furthermore, high insurance premiums can significantly impact a business’s profitability. The rates for workers’ compensation insurance are determined based on a variety of factors, including the nature of the business, the number of employees, and the business’s history of workplace injuries. Businesses with a history of workplace injuries or in high-risk industries may see higher premiums, which can cut into their bottom line.

In addition to financial risks, businesses may also suffer reputational damage if they are perceived as not taking workplace safety seriously. Employees and customers may be less likely to work for or do business with a company that has a poor safety record.

Therefore, it is in the best interest of businesses to invest in workplace safety measures and carry adequate workers’ compensation insurance. By doing so, businesses can protect their employees, their financial wellbeing, and their reputation.

State-Specific Resources for Workers’ Compensation Insurance

As mentioned earlier in this article, workers’ compensation insurance laws vary from state to state. This means that it’s important for businesses and employees to understand their state’s specific laws and regulations to ensure that they are compliant and fully protected.

To help readers in this regard, we have compiled a list of state-specific resources for workers’ compensation insurance:

1. California: The California Department of Industrial Relations provides information on workers’ compensation insurance laws and regulations in the state.

2. New York: The New York State Workers’ Compensation Board offers a range of resources for employers and employees related to workers’ compensation insurance.

3. Florida: The Florida Division of Workers’ Compensation website provides information on workers’ compensation insurance requirements and regulations in the state.

4. Texas: The Texas Department of Insurance offers a guide for workers’ compensation insurance in the state, including information on how to purchase coverage and the benefits available to employees.

5. Illinois: The Illinois Workers’ Compensation Commission provides information on workers’ compensation insurance laws and regulations, as well as resources for employers and employees.

By consulting these state-specific resources, businesses and employees can gain a better understanding of their rights and responsibilities under workers’ compensation insurance laws in their state. Additionally, they can find resources and guidance on how to navigate the claims process and ensure that they are fully protected in the event of a workplace injury or illness.

Practical Tips for Navigating Workers’ Compensation Insurance

Navigating workers’ compensation insurance can be a complicated and overwhelming process, especially for small business owners and employees who may not be familiar with the ins and outs of the system. While workers’ compensation insurance is intended to provide financial support and protection to workers who are injured on the job, actually obtaining the benefits can be a difficult process. To help navigate this process, here are some practical tips and advice:

1. Report the injury immediately: It’s important to report any workplace injury to your employer as soon as possible. This not only ensures that you receive medical attention promptly, but it also starts the process of filing a workers’ compensation claim.

2. Understand your rights and responsibilities: As an employee, it’s important to understand your rights and responsibilities under your state’s workers’ compensation laws. This includes knowing what types of injuries are covered, how to file a claim, and what to do if your claim is denied.

3. Seek legal advice if necessary: If you encounter any difficulties or disputes with your employer or insurance provider during the claims process, it may be helpful to consult with an attorney who specializes in workers’ compensation law.

4. Keep detailed records: Keeping detailed records of all medical bills, treatments, and other related expenses can help you in filing a successful claim and negotiating with insurance providers.

5. Communicate effectively: Effective communication with your employer, insurance provider, and healthcare providers is key in navigating the workers’ compensation system. Be sure to ask questions, provide detailed information, and follow up on any concerns or issues.

By following these tips, you can help ensure that you receive the full benefits and protections available under workers’ compensation insurance.

Understanding Workers’ Compensation Insurance Misconceptions

Workers’ compensation insurance is an essential part of protecting employees and employers in the event of workplace injuries or illnesses. However, there are many misconceptions surrounding workers’ compensation insurance that can lead to confusion and even financial losses for businesses.

One common misconception is that workers’ compensation insurance is only necessary for large companies. In reality, businesses of all sizes and industries are required by law to have workers’ compensation insurance in place. Small businesses can work with insurance providers to find affordable coverage options that meet their needs.

Another misconception is that workers’ compensation insurance covers all workplace injuries. While workers’ compensation insurance covers many types of injuries and illnesses, there are certain situations, such as injuries caused by employee intoxication or intentional self-harm, that may not be covered.

A third misconception is that employees can sue their employer for workplace injuries. Workers’ compensation insurance is a no-fault system designed to provide benefits to employees without the need for litigation. In most cases, employees are prohibited from suing their employer for workplace injuries.

Businesses may also believe that workers’ compensation insurance is too expensive. While rates are determined based on a variety of factors, including industry and past claims history, there are strategies businesses can use to reduce their workers’ compensation insurance costs.

It is also important to understand the prevalence of workers’ compensation insurance fraud, which can take many forms, including employers failing to provide coverage or employees filing false claims. Understanding the different types of fraud and taking steps to prevent it can help protect businesses from financial losses.

Additionally, it is important to recognize that workers’ compensation insurance laws vary by state. Employers must comply with the laws in the state(s) where they operate, and differences in laws can affect employees and employers in different ways.

Finally, it is important to dispel the misconception that workers’ compensation insurance is only necessary for high-risk industries. All businesses have the potential for workplace injuries and illnesses, and workers’ compensation insurance can provide a safety net for employees while protecting employers from financial losses and legal penalties.

In conclusion, understanding the misconceptions surrounding workers’ compensation insurance is crucial for businesses of all sizes and industries. By working with insurance providers to find affordable coverage options, understanding the claims process, and taking steps to prevent fraud, businesses can protect themselves and their employees from the financial and legal repercussions of workplace injuries and illnesses.